The management of pediatric airway pathology can be challenging and requires a dedicated team, consisting of thoracic surgeons, paediatricians, logopedics, paediatricians and anaesthetists. It necessitates a tailored treatment approach for each patient to address the minor variances that exist between cases. The majority of pediatric airway problems are a sequela of prematurity and prolonged post-partal intubation/tracheostomy. Surgical repair is often complicated by additional malformation or severe comorbidities. This comprehensive review should give an overview of the most common airway problems in neonates and children as well as available surgical techniques. The pediatric airway has several distinct features compared to the adult airway. First, the dimensions are much smaller. This is particularly important with regard to the subglottis. The inner diameter of the subglottis of a newborn usually measures between 3 and 4 mm. A pathological process in this area, leading to a circular lumen reduction of only one millimetre, can result in a life-threatening near-occlusion.
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