The management of pediatric airway pathology can be challenging and requires a dedicated team, consisting of thoracic surgeons, phoniatricians, logopedics, pediatricians and anesthetists. It necessitates a tailored treatment approach for each individual patient in order to address the minor variances that exist between cases. The majority of pediatric airway problems are a sequela of prematurity and prolonged post-partal intubation/tracheostomy. Surgical repair is often complicated by additional malformation or severe comorbidities. This comprehensive review should give an overview on most common airway problems in neonates and children as well as available surgical techniques. The pediatric airway has several distinct features compared to the adult airway. First, dimensions are much smaller. This is particularly important with regards to the subglottis. The inner-diameter of the subglottis of a newborn usually measures between 3 and 4 mm. A pathological process in this area, leading to a circular lumen reduction of only one millimeter, can result in a life-threatening near-occlusion.
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